Companies and Intellectual Property - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1356 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Imagine today’s world without the beauty of technologies and innovations like smartphones, tablets, medical devices, medicines and cutting edge genomic therapies. Intellectual property laws such as copyright, patents, trade secretes and trademarks exist to protect several companies including technology company’s rights over their innovations and inventions. Rights over intellectual property make companies unique and distinct from each other. Intellectual property according to Kubasek, Brennan, Browne, (2015) â€Å"is property that is primarily the result of mental creativity rather than physical effort.† Intellectual property can be considered as a valuable asset for cooperation, it is therefore important for companies to protect their creativity and innovation in order to be competitive and sustainable. An article by Liptak, Goel (2016) showed how far companies are willing to fight and spend millions of dollars just to protect their innovations and ideas. In the article, Apple sued Samsung for allegedly copying the design of the iPad and iPhone. The federal law regarding patents goods states that business found imitating or copying a design patent will be liable for the total proceeds generated from the sale of the copied design (Liptak, Goel, 2016). According to the article, â€Å"Apple was awarded $399 million in damages for Samsung’s design patent infringement, the entire profit Samsung made from its sales of the infringing smartphones† (Liptak, Goel, 2016). Apple was approved a trademark for the designs and layouts of its stores which covered the shelves in the store, the design, the position of the tables in the store. A Trademark is a â€Å"distinctive mark, word, design, picture, or arrangement that is used by a producer in conjunction with a product and tends to cause consumers to identify the product with the producer.† Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Companies and Intellectual Property" essay for you Create order The act of balancing business needs and customer expectations has been a major challenge for most companies. This is because most companies have set â€Å"financial engineering† (Light, 2017) as their short term goal and strives to meet this goal at all means, which sometimes leads to compromised quality of service. â€Å"Financial Engineering at the expense of customer focus is a formula for failure† (Light, 2017). The company’goal for any â€Å"for Profit Company† is to generate and increase revenue. Companies can achieve this success by attracting more loyal customers to patronize the company’s product more frequently. Company’s can satisfy consumers by providing creative products and innovative services based on customer’s needs. For Profit Company’s primary responsibility to its shareholders is to make profit. Organizations should focus on satisfying both shareholders and customers at the same time. Focusing on only shareholders satisfaction is not good for business and the business brand. Companies that exploit customers to satisfy shareholders fail at the long round. The truth is, customer satisfaction might be costly, but not satisfying customers will cost more. Customer’s who are satisfied can advocate for a product brand and its services, which helps to generate more customers to patronize the product at less acquisition cost. â€Å"Unless companies can balance customer expectations and business needs, they would end up either displeasing their customers or causing losses to themselves.† (Newman, 2016). One-way companies can maintain a balance is through the â€Å"service profit chain: Practices aimed at maximizing customer satisfaction create a mutually reinforcing value chain, as happy customers continue to support companies that successfully meet their needs† (Swanerpoel, 2017). In today’s world, customers have the power to build or break a business; it is therefore necessary for cooperation’s to provide an exceptional customer service. Great and exceptional customer service enhances customer’s experience, which in turn leads to customer loyalty, bigger purchases, brand advocacy, repeated businesses and increased revenue. Another way to balance business needs and customer satisfaction is through mutual satisfaction. Although exceptional customer service is key to the success of the business, it is important for a cooperate manager to know where to draw the line. For example, in a restaurant business, if a particular customer always complains of not bei ng satisfied with the portion size offered and the company continues to increase the portion size just to satisfy the customer, but he never gets satisfied, then continuing to meet such a need will eventually cost the company. â€Å"Working towards the goal of customer satisfaction will only increase profitability if customer expectations are reasonable and consistent with the level of service that the business can realistically provide relative to the prices it charges† (Swanerpoel, 2017). A third way to balance customer and business needs is for a business to sometimes sacrifice short-term profitability in order to meet customer’s needs. For example, it can be costly to replace a poor quality product with a better one, which will compromise short-term profitability. However, customer satisfaction can build brand loyalty, repeated business and word of mouth referrals leading to long-term profitability (Swanerpoel, 2017). Creators of an invention or innovation seek protection and rights to their intellectual property. The owner of an intellectual property wants to benefit from the invention or recover the cost of the invention, at the same time; the community wants to benefit from the invention or product. This creates tension between the creator of the product and the community. Creators of intellectual property seek patent for the created goods to protect their invention and prevent imitations. For example, copyrighted works like music and books cannot be copied without seeking permission from the creator or paying royalty. Patent can be defined as â€Å"Protection that grants the holder the exclusive right to produce, sell, and use the object of the patent for 20 years; can be obtained for a product, process, invention, machine, or a plant produced by asexual reproduction† {Kubasek, et al., 2015). The bigger question to be addressed is whether patent for products that saves or improve human lives should benefit the creator or the customer. Companies need to consider several factors when they create intellectual properties that save or improve lives. How do creators protect their intellectual property and still benefit consumers. The law permits creators that hold patents products to charge customers any amount for their exclusive property. There has been news of pharmaceutical companies who has increased prices of drugs used in treating life threatening illnesses by huge amounts without any explanation. For example, Turing Pharmaceuticals increased the price of Daraprim (drug that treats life-threatening parasitic infection) from $13.50 a tablet to $750 a pill. Another example was the huge increase in the price of cycloserine overnight from $500 to $10,800 for 30 capsules. Although the law might permit that, creators of drugs and medical devices should have the interest of customers at heart beyond pursuit of profit. Placing customers first and enhancing lives ultimately leads to company’s success. Companies sho uld also be responsible to the society through cooperate social responsibility. Looking through the lens of a Biblical worldview, owners of intellectual properties that saves or enhances lives should first seek the interest of customers. For the scripture says in Philippians 2:3-4 that â€Å"Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves, not looking to your own interests but each of you to the interests of the others,† (New International Version). The book of Corinthians makes a similar statement â€Å"No one should seek their own good, but the good of others† (1 Corinthians 10:24). Christians and owners of intellectual properties must understand that, if the lord blesses you with an idea to invent a product or service, it’s not just for your own good but also for the good of other. Several studies have proved that placing customers first comes with it own rewards and business sustainability. In conclusion, several organizations find it challenging to maintain a balance between customer satisfactions and meeting business needs. Exceptional customer service enhances customer’s experience, which in turn leads to customer loyalty, bigger purchases, brand advocacy, repeated businesses and increased revenue. Companies who create intellectual properties that saves or enhances lives should have a greater responsibility to the community more than themselves. As Christians, our ultimate purpose on earth is to love God and love one another. â€Å"God is not unjust; he will not forget your work and the love you have shown him as you have helped his people and continue to help them† (Hebrew 6:10).

A Case Study Of Air Accidents During Turkey Using The...

A case study of air accidents in Turkey using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) Nurettin Dinler Florida Institute of Technology College of Aeronautics Aviation Safety Management (AVS 5207) Research Paper 2016 Abstract Aviation industry comes into prominence compared other transportation sectors in terms of fast, reliable, safe and economical. Aviation industry therefore is crucial for countries due to not only economic and social development but global integration as well. When compared with other countries, aviation industry has developed quickly in Turkey for the last decade because of privatization activities since 2003. While air traffic is raising significantly in Turkey, safety performance does not seem to be increasing side by side comparison. Hence, the study evaluated safety performance in Turkey air transport industry with the help of statistical figures showing accidents and fatality rates and air accident reports during the period 2003-2015. Accidents rates in Turkey were higher than average rates in developed regions such as Europe and USA. The content analysis of the accident reports using the HFACS reveals that ineffective audit implementation and skill based errors are the main in fluences on air accident occurrences in Turkey. Introduction The contribution of incident and accident investigation to future safety for aviation industry is crucial to help manage risks to life, the environment, assets and business continuity in the

The Conscience of Companies Today Free Essays

Organizational or corporate social responsibility refers to the obligation of a business firm to seek actions that protect and improve the welfare of society along with its own interests. Corporate social responsibility often challenges businesses to be accountable for the consequences of their actions affecting the firm’s stakeholders while they pursue traditional economic goals. The general public expects business to be socially responsible, and many companies have responded by making social goals a part of their overall business operations (Hay, 1989). We will write a custom essay sample on The Conscience of Companies Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will discuss four companies that have a conscience towards our today’s society, and helped to create a better community for all of us, they are Johnson Johnson, American Telephone Telegraph (ATT), Herman Miller, and Procter Gamble. A crisis confronted Johnson Johnson in the fall of 1982, when seven Chicago area residents died after taking Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules contaminated with cyanide. Not only was $400-million-per-year Tylenol the best-selling U.S. drug, but it was a product that symbolized the Johnson Johnson reputation for quality, gentleness, and fine health care (Kreitner, 1990). Despite the pressures of dealing with national media coverage, JJ executive immediately opened their doors to the press and took great pains to keep the public informed about the situation. It soon became apparent that the cyanide had been put into the capsules after they had left JJ’s factories, and the problem seemed to be confined to the Chicago area. Nevertheless, Tylenol sales sank to 20 percent of their previous level, and an opinion poll showed that 61 percent of Tylenol users intended to stop using the product. A major question that arose was what to do about the 31 million bottles of Extra-Strength Tylenol on drugstore shelves throughout the country. The FBI and Food and Drug Administration advised JJ managers not to take any drastic action. Even so, the managers promptly took the unprecedented step of recalling the unsold bottles, at a cost to the form of $100 million (Fortune, 1987). A few weeks later they decided to reintroduce Tylenol capsules in a triple-sealed, tamper-resistant package. In the months following the tragedy, the company established a consumer hot line and continued extensive cooperation with media. It also made a widely advertised refund offer to consumers for any pre-crisis capsules they still had, and its chairman, James E. Burke, appeared on the Donahue show. In an opinion poll taken 3 months after the tragedy, 93 percent of the public felt that JJ had done a good job of handling its responsibilities. In considering these events, David R. Claire, JJ’s president, said, â€Å"Crisis planning did not see us through this tragedy nearly as much as the sound business management philosophy that is embodied in out Credo.† The Credo’s first opening sentence is: â€Å"We believe our first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses and patients, to mothers and fathers and all others who use our products and services.† (Pearce David, 1987) . Unfortunately, the importance of relying on the Credo was soon demonstrated again by another crisis. In early 1986, a 23-year-old woman died after taking a cyanide-laced Tylenol capsule. The company quickly offered to the replace capsules with caplets, tablets in the shape of capsules. The replacement effort cost JJ $150 million. In addition, JJ announced that it would no longer offer Tylenol in capsules-another bold and costly move in keeping with its Credo. The actions of JJ in the two Tylenol incidents earned the company widespread praise. Among Fortune’s 300 most admired U.S. corporations, JJ was rated number one in 1987 on community and environmental responsibility. JJ’s action in the Tylenol situation were unusually swift, decisive, and costly. In the mid-1990s, Tylenol remains one of the America’s most popular and trusted brand names (Guzzardi, 1990). The product commands nearly one-third of the $3 billion brand name analgesic market. No other brand approaches have even 50 percent of Tylenol’s market share. American Telephone Telegraph (ATT) established goals for reducing air emissions, CFCs, solid waste, and hazardous waste in 1990. Under the direction of David R. Chittick, ATT’s vice-president of environment and safety, the company has either surpassed its operations, ATT invested $25 million to develop an array of alternative technologies (Business Week, 1987). One, called how solids spray fluxer, eliminates the need for CFC solvents to clean excess flux from electronic circuit broads. ATT is now selling this technology to some 25 other companies, among them IBM. ATT even gives its ideas away at times, to help to create a better and safer environment for all. The company managed to eliminate virtually all its ozone-depleting substances a year and half before company’s goal, and 2 years ahead of the worldwide ban. Now ATT does not have to worry about the new U.S. law that requires companies to put warning labels on all goods that contain or are manufactured with ozone-depleting substances. The company figures that the cost of tracking and labeling all the tiny components and switching systems that it once manufactured with CFCs would add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. The early phase out also will save ATT $25 million annually. In addition, ATT embraces total quality management (TQM) principles to solve the universal office pollution problem of too much paper. First, the company established a corporate paper reduction goal of 15 percent by 1995, then it created a corporate TQM team to figure out how to meet it. The department’s TQM teams suggested simple ways to decrease paper consumption, such as eliminating cover pages and using electronic rather than printed media. The department was consuming 22 percent less paper within a year. Today, ATT is one of the companies that has the reputation of saving the world. Company’s ‘goes green’ not only create a better place for communities, but also helping the company to save on a lot of costs. Herman Miller, Inc., proves that financial success and a constant striving to be a better corporate citizen are complementary, not contradictory, goals (Griffin, 1993). The company has long been as well known for its participative management system as for its innovative office furniture designs (Woodruff, 1991). The company is doing everything it can to lessen its adverse effect on the environment. It recycles leather, vinyl, foam, office paper, telephone books, lubricating oil, and even old office furniture. When it found that recycling 800,000 Styrofoam cups every year was not practical, it banned the cups and handed out 5,000 mugs. Instead of dumping into landfills the 4,000 tons of scrap fabric that it produces each year, it now ships them to a North Carolina firm that shreds them and turns them into insulation for car-roof linings and dashboards. Since 1982, much of the trash that can not be recycled has fueled Miller’s waste-to-energy plant, which saves $750,000 a year in fuel and landfill costs and paid for itself in ten years, a decade ahead of schedule (Woodruff, 1991). Miller also recently spent $800,000 for two high-tech incinerators to burn the toxic solvents that escape during staining and varnishing. Miller’s environmental consciousness extends beyond local and national products. One of the company’s best-known products, the $2, 277 Earnes chair, was always finished with rosewood until the company’s research manager realized that Herman Miller was contributing to the destruction of tropical rain forests. He consequently banned the use of rosewood and Honduran mahogany. Another test of Herman Miller’s humane attitude came when some of its employees contracted the AIDS virus. When an AIDS victim in the company’s Georgia plant decided to let the rest of the workers know about his condition, his supervisor took charge, acting as what Herman Miller Chairman Max DePree calls a â€Å"roving leader†. The supervisor told two managers, and then the three of them quickly told everyone in the plant, ensuring that rumors did not get started. On the next workday after the announcement, the company’s director of health and wellness flew down from Michigan to show a video on AIDS and answer questions. With a history of such sensitivity to its environment and its workers, it is no surprise that Herman Miller tops lists of most-conscientious and best-managed companies (Nelson-Horchler, 1991). Procter Gamble is another company that has a conscience by helping the community. The 23rd Summer Olympic Games will be held in Los Angeles, in July and August. This will be the high point of years of hard work and training by many of America’s young athletes who are eager for an opportunity to make this country shine. But the U.S. Olympic Committee, which is responsible for fielding the U.S. team, depends on the American people to support these talented athletes. The U.S is the only major nation in the world whose Olympic athletes do not receive a continuing government subsidy. U.S competitors are supported solely by private donations. PG has initiated several programs to help raise these funds, giving millions of Americans the chance to support this important cause (Cordtz, 1990). Five big separate coupon events, involving over thirty PG brands, make up the company’s Olympic promotions. They are designed to encourage consumer to purchase PG brands and thus aid U.S. Olympic athletes. The company also sponsored a sweepstakes that helped to raise more funds. PG Chairman of Board Owen B. Butler presented a check for $1 million, on behalf of the company to the U.S. Olympic Committee. PG’s past experience has taught the company to expect such business success. For the past four years, PG has sponsored similar promotions benefiting the Special Olympics, and international sporting competition for mentally and physically handicapped children and adults. Business results have been very impressive. PG helps itself by helping the communities. Four examples stated above say that corporate social responsibility does not necessarily lower profits but encourage firms to focus on long-run profits rather than short-run profits, and optimum profits rather than maximum profits (Post, Frederick, Lawrence, Weber, 1996). Because of its obvious importance, organization proactively attempt to manage social responsibility (Van Fleet Peterson, 1994). Moreover, the iron law of responsibility suggests that socially responsible behavior may have a positive long-run effect on organizational success. How to cite The Conscience of Companies Today, Essay examples

Interpretation of Assessment Data for Psychology- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInterpretation of Assessment Data for Psychology. Answer: Analysis of Assessment in Reading: The purpose of this analysis is to provide a summary of the assessment data collected from running a record on the students. Running records are the tools that the teachers and the educators use in order to understand the strengths and weakness of the students learning capability (Bailey, Devine-Wright Batel, 2016). Based on the analysis, the teachers would be able to identify the areas that need improvement. Thus, the process is extremely helpful as it helps both the students and the educators to ascertain certain level of knowledge that would eventually help to improve the learning capability of the children based on the outcome of the analysis. A detailed analysis of the two levels of understanding has been carried on. The capability gained by the children that help them to improve their learning on the same subject. Reading Level 14 Analyses: The accuracy percentage gained after the level 14 analysis is 94.8%. This level was based on the narrative text Mollys Tooth. It has been found that she has scored well in this reading level. In the retelling indicator summary, the score is 4 which are execellent. In the comprehension summary, the student has received a satisfactory grade that is between 3 and 4. The analysis report has showed the right evidence of the outcome of the knowledge that the student has gained. For instance, in case of knowledge and skill developing, it has been found that the student was able to understand about the concepts about print established. She has also good understanding of the high frequency words used in the text. However, it has been evident that she was not successful in decoding some words based on the sound and word relationship. Thus, it is the major area that has been identified where the student needs improvement. In terms of the strategies developing, it has been found that by the beginning of the process she had the right adjusting pace. In terms of attending the meaning, she was successful as well; she has predicted the right things as well. A very important point of concern that is cross checking the text is to confirm the answer that has been successfully achieved by the student. However, in terms of fluency, the result was not very satisfactory. It has been found that the phrasing reflecting was very limited in terms of understanding. The only thing that she was good at was to read some of the text with the correct rhythm and phrasing the reflecting understanding. Therefore, there needs to be improvement in the fluency of English for this student. For the same reason, it is expected that the educators and the teachers have to focus on this part of the study to improve the knowledge and understanding of the students. There is definitely lack fluency in the student that needs to be checked (Jirek, 2016). Reading Level 20 Analyses: The student is in level 20 and it has been found that she has developed right level of knowledge and understanding on the subject. Therefore, it was important to carry out an examination of the progress level of the student. The reading assessment from the narrative text Amys song on the level 20 showed an accuracy of 92%. The reading level was based on instructional. The retelling indicator summary also resulted in a gaining 4 which is an excellent score; this determines that the level of understanding was excellent that resulted in scoring 4. Thus, it can be said that the level of understanding of the student is excellent. On the comprehension based reading, the student has scored another excellent mark that is 6. In the retelling section, it has been found that she was able to retell the events of the story without even taking help from the teacher or support from the book. The supporting details that she has exclaimed were also to the point. This showed her level of understanding and confidence. When the comprehensive questions were asked, she could promptly answer the same. All the three questions were answered clearly. If the inferential capability of the student is considered, it has to be said that she has that inferential capability that was evident when she could easily answer all the questions. Therefore, it can be said that her performance was very good and that she has developed good level of understanding on the subject. It can be concluded that she can pass the current level of her studies and can be promoted to the next level. Justification and Text Selection: As stated by Murray, (2015), that when children start going to schools, they are often exposed to narrative text. Narrative stories are often engaged with telling stories and engaging the students in deep thoughts. This is the reason that teachers should focus on teaching narrative essays to the children. The importance of narrative essay is to foster creativity among the children. As pointed out by Cortazzi, (2014), beginning from the kinder garden only, children are often found to be engaged with different mix of activities like drawing, dictation and writing. As students proceed with the learning in the later stage of life, it becomes important for them to develop a level of imaginative and critical thinking among them. It is important to develop a certain level of imagination among the children that would help them to improve their imaginative power and understanding related to a particular topic (Kkner Orr, 2016). The two narrative writings that have been selected for teaching the students and test their ability and understanding on a particular subject have been effective enough because it has definitely helped to understand the ability of the children on the particular subject. The writing styles in these narrative pieces of writing were not like the normal level but there was a high level of writing style (Benson, 2014). This has been able to create a better focus on the overall activities of the children. It has to be understood that as children move from one stage of the schooling to the other, it becomes very important for them to move with the higher level of knowledge as well. Keeping all these perspectives into consideration, the two narrative pieces of writings were correctly chosen. Both Amys song and the Mollys Tooth supported the reading and learning of the children. The selection of words and phrases in these writings were absolutely right selection for the purpose of teaching good level of English to the children. In fact, the Mollys Tooth is the best piece of writing that would determine the level of fluency among the children. The content of the book is enough attractive that it would create a continuous affection among the children (Saunders, Sherwood Usher, 2015). The children could easily resemble themselves with the characters of the writing. Keeping all these instances into consideration, these two writing pieces have been rightly selected for teaching and analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the children. In fact, the result obtained from the analysis of the understanding and the capability of the children to deal with the different spheres of the English language. Narrative writing increases the capability of self reasoning and imagination pow er (Vetere Dowling, 2016). In fact, it has also been found the children gain the ability of creating their own narrative stories as well, which is a better move towards the learning stage of English. References: Bailey, E., Devine-Wright, P., Batel, S. (2016). Using a narrative approach to understand place attachments and responses to power line proposals: The importance of life-place trajectories.Journal of Environmental Psychology,48, 200-211. Benson, P. (2014). Narrative inquiry in applied linguistics research.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,34, 154-170. Cortazzi, M. (2014).Narrative analysis(Vol. 12). Routledge. Jirek, S. L. (2016). Narrative reconstruction and post-traumatic growth among trauma survivors: The importance of narrative in social work research and practice.Qualitative Social Work, 1473325016656046. Kkner, J. M., Orr, A. M. (2016). Narrative inquiry in the teacher education classroom: A review of Narrative Inquiries into Curriculum Making in Teacher Education. Murray, M. (2015). Narrative psychology. InQualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods(pp. 85-107). Sage London. Saunders, V., Sherwood, J., Usher, K. (2015). If You Knew the End of the Story, Would you Still Want to Hear It?: The Importance of Narrative Time for Mental Health Care.The Qualitative Report,20(10), 1594. Vetere, A., Dowling, E. (Eds.). (2016).Narrative therapies with children and their families: A practitioner's guide to concepts and approaches. Routledge.